Marketing Research Tools Paper - 1080 Words

Research Methodologies Many companies use different research tools when conducting primary and secondary research. This paper will discuss the several research tools used and discuss the differences in primary and secondary research when using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Once that has been established, there will be discussion as to which tools are used for each approach and why. Primary Research Primary research also called field research is the most common approach. Primary research is surveys, which can include questionnaires and observation methods. These survey methods include by mail, telephone, e-mail and personal interviews. Questionnaires for research purposes are composed of questions that structured for†¦show more content†¦Looking at exhibit 5.1 below (Mc Daniel Jr., Gates, 2007) this is another example of Qualitative versus Quantitative research one can see that the types of questions qualitative research is based on probing to a small sample size and the information that is being gathered is substantial. Quantitative is limited probing and the sample size are large and the information that is gathered varies. Requirements for administration for qualitative is an interviewer with special skills and the analysis is subjective and interpretive. Hardware is tape recorders, projection devices, video recorders, pictures etc. Qualitative rese arch requires interviewer with fewer special skills or not interviewer and the analysis is statistical, summation. The hardware is questionnaires, computers and printouts. The degree of replicability for qualitative is low, and for quantitative is high. Researcher training for qualitative is psychology, sociology, consumer behavior etc and quantitative research is more statistical, decision support systems, computer programming etc. Type of research for qualitative is exploratory and quantitative is descriptive or casual (Mc Daniel Jr., Gates, 2007) [pic] * Exhibit 5.1 obtained from (Mc Daniel Jr., Gates, 2007) Tools Used For Each Approach Qualitative approaches consist of focus groups, ethnographic research and in-depth interviews. Focus groups allowShow MoreRelatedMarketing and Market Research1746 Words   |  7 Pages |Marketing Research | Copyright  © 2010, 2008, 2005, 2002, 2001 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course covers basic research methodology applied to marketing issues. Students study methods and techniques for collection, analysis, and interpretation of primary and secondary data for customer and business marketing. 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An Interview With The Business Owner Of Merit Decorating...

On Saturday, October 10th, 2015, an interview was conducted with the business owner of Merit Decorating Centre, Tony Malatesta, through e-mail communication. Mr. Malatesta first opened Merit Decorating Centre in 1984. In his early years of business operations, he focused on selling paint and flooring products. From being solely responsible for buying-selling quotes to dealing with individual clients, the business became established and gradually expanded to include 12 employees, where tasks were eventually delegated. Now for him to accommodate the growing demand of the home renovation market, the business sells an assortment of products to meet each individual’s decorating needs. Before becoming an entrepreneur, Mr. Malatesta worked as a part-time sales associate after high school for a business in a similar industry selling a variety of decorating products. From there he gained his experience in selling and realized that he is particularly good at this skill. More importantly, his work experience taught him how to run a business and make key connections with suppliers and clients in the industry, which his secondary education never taught him. Mr. Malatesta first decided to become an entrepreneur in the 1980s; he realized that he wanted to broaden his possibilities by achieving the most he could in effort to provide his family with a comfortable living. He not only wanted to be his own boss, but reap all of the rewards and benefits of his hard work as part of becomingShow MoreRelatedï  ¶ Cost Benefit Analysis on the Construction of a Community Centre in Berekuso.8255 Words   |  34 Pagesother activities negatively, it will go a long way to engineer growth in the economy. Slums have sprung up in some of these towns and suburbs whose development has been neglected by the town planning authorities. If the area is a route to a major business centre as is the case of Jamestown in Accra, most workers get to their places of work mentally tired in addition to having lost valuable hours of productive work. One of the major causes of these imbalances in the society is the availability of aRead MoreOperation Management of a Garments Factory of Bangladesh11569 Words   |  47 Pagesthe employees/respondents, and year ending activities of many Departments, obtaining proper information is be very difficult. 1.7 Sources and Method The problem of this study is to analyze the needs of employee training and development programs to business success. This study is found out the training and development required in the corporate branch of concord group of companies. The objective of this paper is designed on the basis of the requirements. This report is organized into several sections:Read MoreNegotiation Techniques23003 Words   |  93 Pagesinto smaller groups. Meet privately. Call for meeting to end now and resume later, perhaps to give an opportunity for reflection. Negotiation Skills Introduction Negotiation is something that we do all the time and is not only used for business purposes. For example, we use it in our social lives perhaps for deciding a time to meet, or where to go on a rainy day. Negotiation is usually considered as a compromise to settle an argument or issue to benefit ourselves as much as possibleRead MoreCountry Note Book of China17054 Words   |  69 Pagesshape is being replaced by an inverse pyramid. The typical Chinese family today can be classified as â€Å"4-2-1†. â€Å"4† represents the parents and parents-in-law, â€Å"2† represents the husband and wife, and the â€Å"1† refers to the only child of the couple. The center of the family is on the â€Å"1†Ã¢â‚¬â€ the grandchild. 3. Dynamics of the family The roles adopted by the members of the family in Chinese society have been greatly influenced by religion. Social order and communalRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pagescreate a rocket? Because we want to go to the moon. If NASA would have only focussed on delivering rockets, they would never have reached the moon and probably had produced a great number of disasters while delivering or using those rockets. A Business Case focus, rather than only a delivery focus! (By the way off topic: this delivery approach for me also caused the current financial crisis. Only focussing on the deal, not on the long term effects.) All reasons summed up inRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesand Cases, Fifth Edition Seppanen, Kumar, and Chandra, Process Analysis and Improvement, First Edition Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky, and Simchi-Levi, Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies, Case Studies, Third Edition Sterman, Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for Complex World, First Edition Stevenson, Operations Management, 10th Edition Swink, Melnyk, Cooper, and Hartley, Managing Operations Across the Supply Chain, First Edition Thomke, Managing Product and Service

Hospitality In Service Quality Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Hospitality In Service Quality Management? Answer: Introduction Marketing of any product or services can be very threatening, but at the same time it is very interesting. Marketing is a wide concept and it includes different aspects to it. Marketing plan of an organization is a comprehensive plan that includes all the processes and activities, when it promotes its products and services in the market. When a company introduces of promotes its products in market, it emphasizes on different aspects, like; mission, marketing objectives, target market, segmentation, marketing strategies, marketing mix and other processes of promotion. When it comes to the services organizations, the companies need to make extra efforts to promote its services to the market. The organization, which is taken into consideration for this report is Melbourne Marriott Hotel. It is a service organization that is offering world class hospitality services to its customers. This paper discusses about some significant elements of marketing plan of Melbourne Marriott Hotels services, such as; its target market, market segmentation and marketing and positioning strategy. Melbourne Marriott is a well-known hotel brand in Australia. The company is adopting different strategies to bring its hotels and hospitality services to the market. It is also going for a business expansion in international markets. Company Background Melbourne Marriott Hotel is a luxury hotel organization that is offering world class services and incomparable elegance to the tourists in Australia. It is a comfortable five star hotel that provides modern accommodation in the shopping location if Melbourne. It was founded in the year 1982 and went under a renovation process in year 2011. The hotel is redefining the travel by offering best quality hospitality services (Cai, 2016). It is situated in the heart of Melbourne CBD, Australia. It provides elegantly prearranged suites and rooms for the guests and tourists, which showcase pillow-top bedding, marble bathrooms etc. The rooms and suites are non-smoking and spacious and offer TV, minibar and high speed internet connection for the guests. The Melbourne Marriott Hotel features a fitness center, swimming pool, and sauna for the guests. The guests at hotels can also feel relax at the caf, restaurant or bar. The hotel is only 400 meters away from The Regent Theatre, Melbourne Museum and State Library of Victoria (Melbourne Marriott Hotel, 2014). This hotel property of Marriott International Group is rated for the best value in the city. The tourists and guests are receiving more for their spending, if it is compared to any other hotel in Melbourne. Since the year 2010, the organization is welcoming the guests by using different online websites, like Booking.com. In addition to hospitality services, the organization also offers excellent dining options, like; essence on exhibition, Australian diner and a coffee house and vivacious lounge. In Melbourne city, this hotel is the best place to stay alone or with the family. As a subsidiary of Marriott International group, Melbourne Marriott Hotel is performing very well in the Australian hotel and hospitality industry (Ryan, 2016). Mission statement The mission statement of the Melbourne Marriott is to offer excellent hotel and hospitality services to the guests and tourists. The major objective of this statement is to follow high quality standards in the rooms, suites, food and other facilities at services organization. This mission of the company will support it enhancing the awareness of customers towards this hotel brand (Melbourne Marriott Hotel, 2017). Addition, it will assist the organization in determining the expectations and needs of the guests and customers. Objectives There are some specific objectives, which are established by Melbourne Marriott Hotel and company is developing some marketing strategies and plan to attain these goals and objectives. By following these goals and objectives, the company can establish and maintain its brand image and reputation in competitive hospitality industry (Anderson, Narus Narayandas, 2009). Some of its major objectives are stated below; To offer excellent hospitality services in a specific location at affordable prices To offer effective and efficient hospitality services that can fulfil needs and desires of customers and guests. To encourage the sustainable tourism via fostering the hospitality and its services that are in full agreement with the economic, social, cultural, political and physical environment in Australian region. Increase the role of tourism to the social and cultural development of the country. To enhance the brand awareness and brand value of Marriott International Group. To target the people those prefer to receive high quality services (Marriott International, 2017). Product/Service description At Melbourne Marriott Hotel, the products and services cover a variety of services. First, the rooms and suites at hotel will have different styles, like; Greek style, Chinese style rooms etc. In addition, the company will offer different types of food menus, from which the customers can choose according to their choices and tastes. Additionally, Melbourne Marriott will provide gym, seba, playing card room, snooker and some other fun and entertainment activities at hotel. The guests can relax, when they return from their job or trip back to hotels. Moreover, the services organization will supply rental cars for guests and tourists (Baum, 2016). These rental cars can drive the guests to different places in Melbourne. Along with its accommodation services, company will offer some complementary services, like; free breakfast, Wi-Fi services, spa etc. The core products and services of the organization offer several benefits, which the customers are looking for. In this industry, the core services are generally accommodation services, but companies add some more services according to the needs and demands of the customers. For promoting these hotel and hospitality services, Melbourne Marriott hotel is implementing effective strategies and choosing a most suitable target market, which will be profitable for this service organization. In the next paragraph of the report, there is an analysis of target market, market segmentation and marketing strategies of Melbourne Marriott Hotel (Bordean, 2010). Target Market Target market is a specific marketplace that is targeted by an organization to offer its products and services. This market includes a set of diverse customers, who have similar tastes and preferences. Selection of target market is an essential step in marketing plan formulation. Target market of any organization can be selected by looking at different characteristics, like; psychographic, demographic, geographic and behavioral (Cunill, 2017). In this context, Melbourne Marriot Hotel is targeting young, business and leisure travellers, who are travelling to Melbourne city. The organization is targeting different region like; New Zealand, Australia and Pacific Region. In its target market, the household is revealing the higher and average income level people, who are more interested in travelling to Melbourne City for business and leisure purposes. As the company is offering five-star and luxury hotel services, so it is targeting the people with higher income level and the people, who are expecting excellent accommodation services with additional amenities (Evans, 2015). Market Segmentation Market segmentation is a mechanism by which a company targets a specific market segment after considering some similar and specific characteristics, like; psychographic, behavioral, demographic and geographic (Dibb Simkin, 2013). Melbourne Marriott Hotel is focusing on some particular characteristics in its marketing plan. It is creating the set of different customers with similar characteristics; it will assist the organization in promoting its services in an effective and efficient way. Psychographic Characteristics In this segmentation, the organization is dividing its customers on the basis of consumer attitudes, personal traits, interests, lifestyle and values. This segmentation will allow the organization to develop the luxury and five star hotels to fulfill the customers, who have different attitudes, values, and lifestyle and personality traits (Kotler, 2011). The customers at Melbourne Marriott will find the food menus with different tastes and preferences. It will also provide the live music and entertainment shows at their hotels. Behavioral Characteristics In market segmentation, the company is targeting the market on the basis of behavioral characteristics. In this, company will divide the customers according to the occasions and events. Melbourne Marriott will offer the wedding services, which the customers can plan, their events at Marriott. It offers its banquet hall and conference rooms for the meetings and other events (Li, Wang and Yu, 2015). Demographic Characteristics Demographic segmentation is a most popular base for targeting the customer base. For Melbourne Marriott, the business management travellers are one of the major groups. Under this segmentation, the company is focusing on the people, who are in the business industry and cannot avoid the travelling to Australia for the business purposes (FitzPatrick, Davey, Muller and Davey, 2013). The rooms and hotels at hotel have free internet facilities and lobby facilities for business and leisure travellers which are from different age group, income level etc. Marketing Strategy Marketing strategy of an organization is a practice that includes the processes and different activities in a comprehensive plan. This marketing strategy will assist the organization in growing its business among population (Morden, 2016). Marketing strategy plays an essential role in organizational life and its objectives. Melbourne Marriott is adopting and implementing effective marketing strategies and tactics that can help the organization in promoting its services and increasing its presence among population. By adopting these strategies, the company will be able to attain a significant market share in the hotel and hospitality industry in Australia. Melbourne Marriott hotel is an Australian hospitality organization that is aimed to provide excellent accommodation services to its potential customers at both domestic and international level as well (Middleton, Victor, Morgan, Ashok, 2009). In its market plan, the organization is adopting marketing mix to establish its brand image worldwide. Product/service Melbourne Marriott Hotel is in hospitality industry and manages a diversified services, like; hotels and resorts. In the product mix of the hotel, it offers different benefits to the customers, like; excellent accommodation and food services along with the location and room services. In this aspect, company will convey to its target customers that they are offering hotel services, which are unique, special and with better value (Mok, Sparks Kadampully, 2013). It will provide special services to differentiate its services from competitors. Price is an important element in developing a marketing plan. Under its services, Melbourne Marriott provides different packages according to the income level of people. In this context, the strategy will be for medium income level and it will not charge higher prices for their services. For its regular customers, it will give discount to retain and attract customers (O'Guinn, Allen Semenik, 2011). As a part of Marriott International Group, the organization has international presence. It is very much popular all over the world. Melbourne Marriott is situated in prime location of the city. Now, it is targeting to expand the business in some specific regions like; New Zealand and Pacific region. It is working with an effective and efficient workforce to serve the guests with higher standard and quality services (Phillips Moutinho, 2014). Melbourne Marriott Hotel will promote its services on TV, Internet, and social media networking sites, newspaper, magazines and public transports. In addition, the organization will sponsor public activities, events and sports events to promote their services (Peppard and Ward, 2016). With this, the company will engage in marketing and promotional campaign, which will increase the physical presence of companys services among people. Conclusion Melbourne Marriott Hotel is a well-established hotel organization that is offering excellent accommodation and food services to its potential customers. Company is targeting the people by considering different types of characteristics in competitive business environment. The above analysis concludes that advertising and promotional plan plays a vital role for an organizations services. These marketing processes and activities assist the companies in enhancing its brand reputation. From the above report, it can be stated that Melbourne Marriott hotel is serving different set of customers, like; business and leisure travellers to Melbourne city. This analysis consists of description about the company and its services. Moreover, it includes the discussion about the market segmentation and market strategies of Melbourne Marriott hotel in Australia. By adopting and implementing effective marketing strategies and marketing mix, the hotel organization can enhance its presence in the market and establish a better brand image against its leading competitors. At the end, there are some recommendations for the organization, which can be followed by Melbourne Marriott to bring its services to the market. In addition to marketing mix, the organization should implement some effective strategies, like; cost leadership, product differentiation etc. These strategies will help the firm in increasing its revenues and market share in Australian Hospitality industry. References Anderson, J. C., Narus, J. A., Narayandas, D, 2009, Business market management: Understanding, creating, and delivering value. Pearson Prentice Hall. Baum, T. ed., 2016. Human resource Management issues in international tourism. Elsevier. Bordean, O., 2010, Managerial strategies of the tourism companies. Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca. Cai, J., 2016, Marriott International Targets Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Region to Reach 50 Hotels by End of 2020, retrieved from https://news.marriott.com/2016/11/marriott-international-targets-australia-new-zealand-pacific-region-reach-50-hotels-end-2020/. Cunill, O.M, 2017, The Growth Strategies of Hotel Chains: Best Business Practices. Retrievedfrom https://lib.dtc.ac.th/ebook/Hotel/the%20growth%20strategies%20of%20hotel%20chains%20%5B0789026643%5D.pdf. Dibb, S, Simkin, L, 2013,Market Segmentation Success: Making It Happen,Routledge, New York. Evans, N, 2015, Strategic management for tourism, hospitality and events. Routledge. Kotler, P, 2011,Principles of Marketing,Pearson Education. FitzPatrick, M., Davey, J., Muller, L. and Davey, H., 2013. Value-creating assets in tourism management: Applying marketing's service-dominant logic in the hotel industry.Tourism Management,36, pp.86-98. Li, X., Wang, Y. and Yu, Y., 2015. Present and future hotel website marketing activities: Change propensity analysis.International Journal of Hospitality Management,47, pp.131-139. Middleton, Victor TC, Morgan, FA, Ashok, MR, 2009,Marketing in travel and tourism. Fourth edition,Elsevier Ltd, London. Melbourne Marriott Hotel, 2014, Luxury Hotel Melbourne, Melbourne Marriott Hotel, Retrieved from Marriott.com. Melbourne Marriott Hotel, 2017, Hotel Overview, Retrieved from https://melbourne-marriott-hotel.allmelbournehotels.com/en/. Marriott International, 2017, Marriott International Announces 2020 Growth Vision in Europe Post Starwood Acquisition, Retrieved from https://news.marriott.com/2017/03/marriott-international-announces-2020-growth-vision-europe-post-starwood-acquisition/. Morden, T., 2016.Principles of strategic management. Routledge. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J, 2013, Service quality management in hospitality, psychology, and leisure. Routledge. O'Guinn, T, Allen, C, Semenik, R, 2011,Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion,Cengage Learning Phillips, P., Moutinho, L, 2014, Critical review of strategic planning research in hospitality and tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,48, 96-120. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Ryan, D., 2016.Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Kogan Page Publis

Treatment of Women in Trifles Essay Example For Students

Treatment of Women in Trifles Essay The Treatment of Women in Trifles Essay Trifles, a one-act play written by Susan Glaspell, is a cleverly written story about a murder and more importantly, it effectively describes the treatment of women during the early 1900s. In the opening scene, we learn a great deal of information about the people of the play and of their opinions. We know that there are five main characters, three men and two women. The weather outside is frighteningly cold, and yet the men enter the warm farmhouse first. The women stand together away from the men, which immediately puts the men against the women. Mrs. Hales and Mrs. Peterss treatment from the men in the play is reflective of the beliefs of that time. These women, aware of the powerless slot that has been made for them, manage to use their power in a way that gives them an edge. This power enables them to succeed in protecting Minnie, the accused. Trifles not only tells a story, it shows the demeaning view the men have for the women, the womens reaction to mans prejudice, and the womens defiance of their powerless position. Throughout the play, Glaspell uses dialogue which allows us to see the demeaning view the men have for the women. Mr. Hale declares that women are used to worrying about trifles (958) trivializing the many tasks and details that women are responsible for. In his ignorance of how crucial their duties are in allowing a household to function smoothly, he implies their unimportance. The remark from the County Attorney about Minnie, Not much of a housekeeper, would you say, ladies? (958) was insensitive and unjustified. All because his hand found the sticky residue of her exploded preserves, a soiled spot on her roll towel, and some dirty pans in the kitchen. Due to the circumstances, Minnies mess is entirely due to her dire emotional state. These statements and others made by the men as the play progresses show the mens shallow view of womens intelligence and value. The mens prejudice is blatant and although it was easy for Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters to pick up on it, they react to it in a variety of ways. Defensively, Mrs. Hale, replies rigidly to the County Attorneys remark by stating that theres a great deal of work to be done on a farm, (958) offering an excuse for Minnies lapse in cleaning. Later, he brushes her off when she explains that John Wright was a grim man. To the County Attorney, the women are just there to collect personal items for Minnie, they are not going to give him any valuable insight into the murder. To their credit, the women do not force their thoughts or feelings on the men when biased statements are made in their direction. They hold back and discuss the remarks later after the men go upstairs. Mrs. Peters observes that Mr. Henderson is awful sarcastic in a speech and hell make fun of her sayin she didnt wake up (960). The fact that she believes the men would laugh if they heard the two women discussing the dead canary reveals how sure she is that the men think of them as concerned with the inessential. Even with this knowledge, the women choose not to limit themselves to the roles that men have placed them. Instead they choose to observe, examine, and evaluate what actually happened in the house. They understand that their discovery is best kept hidden because they knew that the men would not be able to comprehend the womens perceptions of the clues, the logic of motive, and the conclusion of justification. .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 , .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 .postImageUrl , .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 , .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9:hover , .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9:visited , .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9:active { border:0!important; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9:active , .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9 .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1b933cf0a0c0ee3a2ea21fc7855a07d9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oepedius Rex Essay The women have claimed a powerful stance from their powerless position They know that the men of their time were not prepared to relinquish or share the dominant role in society. So the women, in recognizing the value of their perceptions and decisions, step beyond the box society has put them in. They do not defy the boundaries in a personal effort to advance women; they comprehend the importance of what they have learned and put that foremost in their strategy. The protection of Minnie is imperative, and they .

One Of The Earliest Inventions Of The Ancient World, The Candle Is Sti

One of the earliest inventions of the ancient world, the candle is still favored for the beautiful light cast by its flame. In its most basic form the candle consists of a cylinder of wax, tallow, or similar material surrounding and saturating a fibrous wick. Ancient Egyptian tombs at Thebes bear relief carvings of cone-shaped candles on dish-like holders, or candlesticks. The oldest known candle fragment was found at Vaison, near Avignon, in France and dates from the 1st century AD. During the Middle Ages in Europe, the usual source of light for poor peasants was the rushlight, consisting of a reed stripped to its pith and dipped in oil. Both tallow and beeswax candles were commonly known, but beeswax candles were so costly that only the wealthy could afford them. Tallow candles were called dips. Tallow is processed suet, or hard fat, from cattle and sheep. Formerly, wicks were simply flax or cotton yarn. Modern wicks are of woven cotton treated with mineral salts so that they curl back into the flame as they burn and thus do not collect unburned carbon. For most of the Middle Ages, families who wanted candles had to make them. It was not until the growth of medieval town life that candlemaking became a specialized craft. As early as the 13th century, members of guilds of chandlers, or candlemakers, went from house to house in London and Paris making candles. Candlemaking as a domestic art was never entirely lost. In some localities throughout the medieval period and on into much more modern times, candles were still made in the home kitchen. As it was done then, dipped candles are made by cutting the wicks to the right length and hanging them from a frame over a tub of melted wax. The wicks are dipped repeatedly at intervals into the wax until the coating reaches the right thickness. Then they are moved to a table where they are smoothed and finished. Beeswax candles continue to be made by dripping the melted wax over a suspended wick. Most beeswax candles are used in religious ceremonies. In the 19th century chemists discovered that candles could be made harder and would burn longer if stearic acid, an ingredient of animal fat, was added to the candle wax. In addition to stearic acid, other important candle stocks were introduced. Spermaceti, derived from the oil in the head cavity of the sperm whale, made a candle that would burn very brightly. Beeswax was usually added to make the spermaceti candle less brittle. In the 1850s paraffin wax was isolated from the residue of crude oil distillation. The problem of its low melting point is overcome by adding small amounts of stearic acid or other materials. Machinery for mass-producing candles was developed in the 19th century. This consists of rows of cylindrical molds in a metal tank equipped for alternate heating and cooling. The molds of modern machines are made of high-grade tin and are finely finished inside to produce a smooth finish on the candles. The molds make candles upside down. Wicks may be placed in the mold before wax is added or may be inserted later. Molten wax that has been colored and scented as desired is poured into the molds, and cold water is circulated around the outside of the molds to harden the wax quickly. Large machines of this type can produce as many as 1,500 candles per hour. A later method of candlemaking is by extrusion. Liquid wax is fed into a machine that produces long, wax cylinders, which are cut into desired lengths. Holes are pierced through the cylinders, and wicks are run through the holes. Drawn candles, or tapers, begin with the wick wound on and stretched between two large drums. The drums rotate back and forth, drawing the wick through a shallow pan of melted wax and causing layers of wax to build up on the wick. The wick is passed through larger and larger holes in a die, smoothing the layers as the candle grows to the desired thickness. It is then removed and cut into short lengths and shaped. Long thin church candles and tiny birthday cake candles are made by

Tactical Concerns Essay Example

Tactical Concerns Essay Example Tactical Concerns Essay Tactical Concerns Essay The Israel defense Force have been officially prohibited female soldiers from serving in close combat military operations since 1948. In 2001 women began to serve on experimental basis. The reason for removing female soldiers from the front line is not the reflection of the performance of the female soldiers but that of the enraged male infantryman after witnessing a woman wounded. The IDF saw a complete loss of control over soldiers who apparently experienced an uncontrollable protective, instinctual aggression which would have resulted in a massacre.Australian soldiers have voiced similar concern saying these soldiers are reluctant to take women on reconnaissance or special operations, as they fear that in the case of combat or discovery, their priority will be to save the women and not to complete the mission. Thus while men might be able to be programmed to kill, it’s is not as easy to program men to neglect women. It has been noted that Islamic militants rarely, if ever, surrender to female soldiers.In modern warfare where intelligence is perhaps more important than enemy casualties every factor reducing combatants’ willingness to fight is considered. Similarly, Iraqi and Afghani civilians are often not intimidated by female soldiers. The military’s conflation of masculinity and the male body was codified into law in 1948 with the passage of the Women’s Armed Services Act, which restricted women’s participation, advancement, and benefits in the Armed Services.The official definition of close combat, or direct ground combat on land, involves deliberate offensive actions; i. e. , †¦engaging an enemy with individual or crew-served weapons while being exposed to direct enemy fire, a high probability of direct physical contact with the enemy by fire, maneuver, or shock effect in order to destroy or capture, or while repelling assault by fire, close combat, or counterattack. This description goes far beyond the experience of being in danger, or serving in a combat zone. Even if physical capabilities were objectively measured, and they are not, that would not be the only issue.Discipline, deployability, and unit cohesion are even more important in close combat units, and various kinds of friction associated with gender integration could detract from those factors and undermine mission accomplishment. Cultural values are also important Assigning female soldiers to close combat units would be tantamount to acceptance of deliberate violence against women, as long as it occurs at the hands of the enemy. The 1992 Presidential Commission on the Assignment of Women in the Armed Forces saw this as an unnecessary and unacceptable setback for American cultural values.Conclusion: These points clearly explain the reasons why women should not be allowed in combat zone: Women a are physically weaker than men and therefore standards would have to be lowered and unite effectiveness jeopardized The presence of women in units leads to fraternization, sexual harassment, and sexual assault Women lose a disproportionate share of time due to pregnancy, which would undermine unit readiness Combat would take women away from their families, which would have harmful psychological effects on the children If combat units are open to women, women would have to be drafted; and The presence of women in combat units would adversely affect unit cohesion and undermine the morale of men who do not want to work with women More than 40,000 American women served in the war against Iraq. The Marine Corps awarded twenty-three women the Combat Action Ribbon for service in the Persian Gulf War because they were engaged by Iraqi troops. Desert Storm was a huge turning point for women, much like Vietnam was for African-Americans, and it showed that modern war boundaries between combat and non-combat zones are being blurred. It makes no sense to cling to semantics (combat vs combat support) given the reality of war.Furthermore, allowing both men and women to compete for all military occupational specialties is not an equal rights issue, but one of military effectiveness. It is the matter of safety and security of millions of people which can never be compromised for the sake of equal opportunity’ in a field where the sexual orientation does count.Works cited:1. Bonnie Moradi, Perceived Sexual-Orientation based harassment in Military and Civilian contexts, Military Psychology, 2006, 18 (1), 39-60 2. Diane Sawyer, Primetime Live Interview with Jessica Lynch: An American Story,’ ABC News Transcripts, November 11, 2003.

Theory Aspects of Website Development Assignment

Theory Aspects of Website Development - Assignment Example It is a large scale search engine that employs heavy use of hypertext structure. Its design allows it to crawl and index the web efficiently thence producing satisfying search results. Google search is based on the PigeonRank which is a technology based on collection of flocks of pigeons in dense clusters and in that, it is able to process search queries faster other traditional search engines. Yahoo search is another conventional search engine that has gone through several evolutionary stages to where it is to date. Owned by Yahoo Inc, it indexes the common HTML page formats as well as several other page file-formats. It uses a web-based crawler search engine having customized capabilities of all search engine companies it has acquired to become a powerful search engine tool. Interactivity of web pages: Web pages are documents that can be accessed through web browsers. The information in a web page can take several formats that include HTML, XHTML, DHTML (Dynamic HTML), XML, etc, and these may provide linked navigation to other web pages using hypertext links. The retrieval of web pages may be done either locally or remotely where web servers process user requests using a TCP/IP protocol. When web pages are created, they include both static content and some other which may be within the web server’s file system or dynamically constructed by the server side software. A web site administrator can make a web site interactive using various methods. The use of hypertext links has been the conventional way of achieving this task but there have also emerged other powerful methods that take inclusion of XML and DHTM (Dynamic HTML). XML is highly interactive and it promotes internal web pages linkages rather than internal links.